Relief- und stempelverzierte nordafrikanische Sigillata des späten 2. bis 6. Jahrhunderts

This study focuses on the wide range of vessel forms and decoration of the rare appliqué-decorated red slip ware from northern Tunisia, and especially the appliqué-, relief- and stamp-decorated sigillata made in the most imprtant mid and late Roman potteries at Sidi Marzouk Tounsi in central Tunisia. The exceptional collection of vessels accumulated by K. Wilhelm forms the basis of this work and is presented here in a catalogue documenting 138 complete vessels and 104 fragments, including numerous unique forms and motifs of decoration. The analysis of the appliqué and relief decoration with pagan, allegoric and early Christian motifs documents the iconographic change of themes over the centuries. It is particularly noteworthy to highlight the end of production of the late Roman mould-made, relief-decorated red slip ware not before the middle of the 6th century AD.<br/>

English summary: The study presents a summary of the development over 500 years of the high-quality North African red slip ware, a fineware which was mainly used as tableware. The masterful handicraft of several large pottery production centres in one of Rome’s economically most important provinces, Africa Proconsularis, is particularly well reflected in the exceptional relief-decorated wares. The study focuses on the rare applique-decorated north Tunisian red slip ware of the late 2nd/early 3rd century and also the wide range of forms and decorations of the applique-, relief- and stamp-decorated red slip ware of the early 3rd to mid 6th century, produced in Sidi Marzouk Tounsi, the most important pottery production centre in central Tunisia which operated for at least 350 years. Production at this site included lamps and terracotta figurines in red slip ware as well, but in particular a wide variety of plain and decorated red slip ware vessels made not only for a regional market, but for Mediterranean long-distance trade.Research is based on the exceptionally extensive collection accumulated by K. Wilhelm mainly between 1960 and 1995. The material is presented in a catalogue containing 138 vessels and 104 fragments, including several unique vessel forms and a series of unknown appliques and stamp types. For comparison, some important, but partially unpublished vessels and fragments in several European, North American and North African museums and private collections were additionally taken into account.For the first time, the decoration schemes and also the vessel forms of an applique-decorated pottery produced in a north-eastern and in another central Tunisian production centre throughout the late 2nd and 3rd century, are classified and clearly represented. The research also succeeded in defining the late phase of the so-called El Aouja ware and highlights the stylistic development leading to the applique-decorated red slip ware of the 4th century. Moreover, the analysis of the applique and relief decoration with pagan, allegoric and early Christian motifs emphasises an iconographic transformation over the centuries based on the visible change in the figural scenes. Of utmost importance is the fact that the production centre at Sidi Marzouk Tounsi clearly survived the Vandal rule of the provinces Africa and Byzacena (429-533/534). Alongside the late relief-decorated red slip wares, there is now also evidence for the production of mould-made, relief-decorated red slip ware platters and several specific forms with mainly Christian motifs, far exceeding the previously suggested end of production (c. 430/440) and suggesting an end around the middle of the 6th century. German description: Die Untersuchung gibt einen Uberblick uber die etwa 500 Jahre lange Entwicklung der qualitativ hochwertigen nordafrikanischen Sigillata, einer rottonigen, rot engobierten Feinkeramik, die meist als Tafelgeschirr verwendet wurde. Insbesondere die exzeptionelle reliefverzierte Keramik spiegelt das herausragende kunsthandwerkliche Konnen mehrerer grosser Topfereizentren in einer der wirtschaftlich wichtigsten Provinzen Roms, der Africa Proconsularis, wider. Im Mittelpunkt steht die seltene applikenverzierte nordtunesische Sigillata des spaten 2./fruhen 3. Jahrhunderts und vor allem das Formen- und Dekorspektrum der appliken-, relief- und stempelverzierten Sigillata des fruhen 3. bis Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts aus dem bedeutendsten, uber 350 Jahre produktiven zentraltunesischen Topfereizentrum Sidi Marzouk Tounsi. Dort wurde neben rottonigen Lampen und figurlichen Terrakotten ein umfangreiches, vielgestaltiges Repertoire an glatten und verzierten Sigillatagefassen nicht nur fur die Region, sondern fur den mediterranen Fernhandel hergestellt. Grundlage bietet die aussergewohnlich reichhaltige, vorwiegend zwischen 1960 und 1995 aufgebaute Sammlung von K. Wilhelm, deren Material in einem Auswahlkatalog mit 138 Gefassen und 104 Fragmenten, darunter viele Unikate und unbekannte Appliken- und Stempeltypen, dokumentiert wird. Zusatzlich wird wichtiges, teilweise unveroffentlichtes Vergleichsmaterial in europaischen, nordamerikanischen und nordafrikanischen Museen und Privatsammlungen berucksichtigt. Vor allem fur die in einem nordost- und grosstenteils in einem weiteren zentraltunesischen Topfereizentrum wahrend des spaten 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts hergestellte applikenverzierte Sigillata werden die Formen und erstmals die Dekorschemata klassifiziert und ubersichtlich dargestellt. Es gelingt auch die Spatphase der sog. El Aouja-Sigillata und die stilistischen Ubergange zur applikenverzierten Sigillata des 4. Jahrhunderts herauszuarbeiten. Die Analyse des Appliken- und Reliefdekors mit paganen, allegorischen und fruhchristlichen Motiven zeigt anhand der sich stark verandernden bildlichen Darstellungen den ikonographischen Wandel im Lauf der Jahrhunderte. Von grosser Bedeutung ist, dass das Topfereizentrum Sidi Marzouk Tounsi offensichtlich auch die vandalische Herrschaft uber die Provinzen Africa und Byzacena (429-533/534) unbeschadet uberstand. Neben der spaten stempelverzierten Sigillata, liess sich auch die Herstellung modelausgeformter, reliefverzierter Sigillataplatten und spezieller Sonderformen mit vorwiegend christlichen Darstellungen, weit jenseits des bisher angenommenen Produktionsendes (ca. 430/440) bis gegen Mitte des 6. Jahrhunderts nachweisen.

Michael Mackensen (*1949) studied Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Prehistory and Ancient History at Munich, Freiburg and Oxford from 1969 until 1977. After his MA (1974), PhD (1977) and a travel scholarship granted by the German Archaeological Institute/DAI (1977/78) he participated in excavations of the DAI at Carthage (Tunisia) and Resafa (Syria). From 1982 to 1994 he was research assistant at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences conducting excavations in Bavaria (e. g. Nersingen, Kellmünz) and a survey project at El Mahrine (Tunisia). In 1991 he submitted his habilitation thesis and then became Professor for Archaeology of the Roman Provinces at the Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich in 1994. He carried out various field projects in Bavaria (2001–2007 Burghöfe), Tunisia (1998/99 Chemtou), Egypt (2001/02 Deir el-Bakhît; 2005–2017 Nag al-Hagar) and Libya (2009/10 Gheriat el-Garbia, LMUexcellent-Project limes Tripolitanus). In 1989 he was allocated with the Kurt-Bittel-Preis für Süddeutsche Altertumskunde, in 2010 with the Preis für gute Lehre des Freistaats Bayern and in 2013 with the LMU Lehrinnovationspreis. In March 2015 he was retired.<br/>

• By (author) Michael Mackensen

"Review - English ""[Mackensens]'s remarkable overview of the Wilhelm collection cannot be denied. It covers a wide range of decorated ARS A, C, and D, giving new insights on applique and stamp decoration that can be typo-chronologically framed, often linking different production phases. He has created a compendium that does not need to be read from cover to cover but can be used as a handbook, providing not only descriptions of individual pieces but also plentiful background information essential for anyone studying decorated ARS. The book is a prime example of showcasing the wealth of information enclosed in collections generally burdened by negative connotations. By maximizing the scientific output of the K. Wilhelm collection over its negative connotations, M. is also defying the otherwise common fate of collections being hidden, unseen, and forgotten.""Von Dr. Carina HasenzaglIn: Journal of Roman Archaeology 2021---------------------------------------------------
—

„[Mackensens]’s remarkable overview of the Wilhelm collection cannot be denied. It covers a wide range of decorated ARS A, C, and D, giving new insights on appliqué and stamp decoration that can be typo-chronologically framed, often linking different production phases. He has created a compendium that does not need to be read from cover to cover but can be used as a handbook, providing not only descriptions of individual pieces but also plentiful background information essential for anyone studying decorated ARS. The book is a prime example of showcasing the wealth of information enclosed in collections generally burdened by negative connotations. By maximizing the scientific output of the K. Wilhelm collection over its negative connotations, M. is also defying the otherwise common fate of collections being hidden, unseen, and forgotten.“<br/><br/>Von Dr. Carina Hasenzagl<br/>In: Journal of Roman Archaeology 2021<br/><br/>---------------------------------------------------<br/><br/>„Avec cet ouvrage, Michael Mackensen fait une fois de plus la preuve de sa place de premier plan, en Europe, <br/>dans l‹étude de la céramique sigillée africaine, vaisselle de table dont l’importance pour les archéologues est à <br/>la mesure de l’ampleur et de la durée de sa diffusion dans l’ensemble du monde antique, du premier au septième siècle de notre ère. [...] On soulignera pour terminer l’excellence de l’édition de cet ouvrage dans la collection ›Münchner Beiträge zur provinzialrömischen Archäologie‹ chez Reichert Verlag, qui a déjà donné lieu à plusieurs importants volumes d’archéologie africaine et de céramique. Il faut enfin saluer la bonne santé de l’école munichoise de céramologie au sein de laquelle Michael Mackensen a su former une relève brillante, dont plusieurs membres ont déjà publié dans cette même collection.“<br/><br/>Von Dr. Michel Bonifay<br/>In: Bonner Jahrbücher Bd. 220 (2020)<br/><br/>---------------------------------------------------<br/><br/>„ [...] what he [Mackensen] has done here puts it on a similar footing to El Mahrine and provides for all a most useful source of reference of the very highest quality.“<br/><br/>Von Dr. Philip Kenrick<br/>In: Libyan Studies 2020
—