Neolithic Pits, Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Pit Alignments and Iron Age to Roman Settlements at Wollaston Quarry, Northamptonshire

Between 1990 and 1998, MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) undertook a series of archaeological excavations within Wollaston Quarry covering an area of 116ha. Eight excavation areas and a watching brief were undertaken revealing evidence of Neolithic pits, late Bronze Age/early Iron Age pit alignments and Iron Age to Roman settlement

Between 1990 and 1998, MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) undertook a series of archaeological excavations within Wollaston Quarry covering an area of 116ha. Eight excavation areas and a watching brief were undertaken. The proximity of the River Nene and at least four palaeochannels formed the dominant natural landscape features. This dynamic environment affected settlement and land use throughout prehistoric and Roman periods. Seventeen pits, largely in small groups, were identified containing early Neolithic to late Neolithic/early Bronze Age pottery. Some of these features were located within the area of the palaeochannels. Later, of especial interest was a notable collection of eleven different late Bronze Age to early Iron Age pit alignments, which were part of a co-axial landscape over an area of 2.5km. There was also a small area of domestic activity reflected by pits dating to the early Iron Age as well as two large watering holes in other locations. The pit alignment boundaries influenced subsequent settlement from the middle Iron Age to the late Roman periods. While individual settlements and related agricultural enclosures changed location over time, they followed the same alignments as the earlier pit alignments suggesting some form of continuity for over 800 years. In the middle to late Iron Age four separate farmsteads were established of which two overlaid the former pit alignments. All four comprised sub-rectangular enclosed farmsteads with internal roundhouses and paddocks. Towards the end of the Iron Age at least one of the middle Iron Age settlements was abandoned, while at roughly the same time an unenclosed settlement was created nearby which continued to the late Roman period. Overall, within the quarry, six new late Iron Age and Roman settlements were established and two more have been preserved without excavation. In the middle Roman period, there was extensive and organised agriculture activity which included two vineyards in two different parts of the site as well as two areas of paddock type enclosures. This level of planning suggests significant investment and could reflect the development by a villa estate. In the early to middle Saxon period there were four different areas of activity which comprised a sunken featured building, pits and a late 7th century grave of a high-status Anglian warrior burial (the latter has previously been reported on separately).

Chapter 1. Introduction Project background Archaeological background Topography and geology Summary of sites and site chronology Site phasing Chapter 2. The archaeological evidence Period 0: Lower Palaeolithic to early Mesolithic (40000-7000BC) (Figs 2.1-2.3) Period 1: Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic to middle Bronze Age (7000-1100BC) (Figs 2.1-2.3) Period 2: Late Bronze Age to early Iron Age (1100-400BC) (Figs 2.1 and 2.4) Periods 3-5: Middle Iron Age to late Roman (400BC-AD400): sites to the north of Hardwater Road Period 6: Saxon Chapter 3. Finds Lower Palaeolithic hand axes by William Boismier Wollaston polissoir by JT Rowland Flint from the excavations by Ian Meadows The later Neolithic pottery by Alex Gibson Early Prehistoric (Period 1) pottery by Jane Timby Early Iron Age to Saxon pottery by Jane Timby Fired clay objects by Ian Meadows Brooches by D F Mackreth Roman coins, metal objects and glass by Ian Meadows Roman shoes by June Swann The querns and millstones by Andy Chapman Chapter 4. Human, faunal and environmental evidence Human bone by Simon Chapman Macroscopic plant and invertebrate remains in Settlement 1 by Mark Robinson Phosphate analysis of Settlement 2 layer (5421) by J L Heathcote Pollen analysis of Settlement 8 late Roman water hole/ well [1060] by Z Ruiz, A G Brown, P G Langdon Chapter 5. Discussion Period 0: Lower Palaeolithic to early Mesolithic (c.200000-7000BC) Period 1: Late Mesolithic/early Neolithic to middle Bronze Age (7000-1100BC) Period 2: Late Bronze Age to early Iron Age (1100-400BC) Periods 3 and 4: Middle to late Iron Age (400BC to AD43) Periods 4-5: Latest Iron Age to late Roman (c.AD0-cAD400) Period 6: Saxon Bibliography,

Chapter 1. Introduction

Project background

Archaeological background

Topography and geology

Summary of sites and site chronology

Site phasing

Chapter 2. The archaeological evidence

Period 0: Lower Palaeolithic to early Mesolithic (40000-7000BC) (Figs 2.1-2.3)

Period 1: Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic to middle Bronze Age (7000-1100BC) (Figs 2.1-2.3)

Period 2: Late Bronze Age to early Iron Age (1100-400BC) (Figs 2.1 and 2.4)

Periods 3-5: Middle Iron Age to late Roman (400BC-AD400): sites to the north of Hardwater Road

Period 6: Saxon

Chapter 3. Finds

Lower Palaeolithic hand axes by William Boismier

Wollaston polissoir by JT Rowland

Flint from the excavations by Ian Meadows

The later Neolithic pottery by Alex Gibson

Early Prehistoric (Period 1) pottery by Jane Timby

Early Iron Age to Saxon pottery by Jane Timby

Fired clay objects by Ian Meadows

Brooches by D F Mackreth

Roman coins, metal objects and glass by Ian Meadows

Roman shoes by June Swann

The querns and millstones by Andy Chapman

Chapter 4. Human, faunal and environmental evidence

Human bone by Simon Chapman

Macroscopic plant and invertebrate remains in Settlement 1 by Mark Robinson

Phosphate analysis of Settlement 2 layer (5421) by J L Heathcote

Pollen analysis of Settlement 8 late Roman water hole/ well [1060] by Z Ruiz, A G Brown, P G Langdon

Chapter 5. Discussion

Period 0: Lower Palaeolithic to early Mesolithic (c.200000-7000BC)

Period 1: Late Mesolithic/early Neolithic to middle Bronze Age (7000-1100BC)

Period 2: Late Bronze Age to early Iron Age (1100-400BC)

Periods 3 and 4: Middle to late Iron Age (400BC to AD43)

Periods 4-5: Latest Iron Age to late Roman (c.AD0-cAD400)

Period 6: Saxon

Bibliography

• By (author) Rob Atkins
• By (author) Ian Meadows