Bridge of Civilizations: The Near East and Europe c. 1100–1300

This volume considers the links and contrasts between Europe and the areas around the eastern Mediterranean that were visited and occupied by western crusaders and settlers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, giving special attention to the evidence provided by archaeology and material culture, as well as historical sources.

This volume brings together 22 of the papers presented at a conference held in Esztergom, Hungary, in May 2018 to coincide with the 800th anniversary of the crusade of King Andrew II of Hungary to the Holy Land in 1217-18. The theme, Bridge of Civilizations, was chosen to highlight aspects of the links and contrasts between Europe and the areas around the eastern Mediterranean that were visited and occupied by western crusaders and settlers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, giving special attention to the evidence provided by archaeology and material culture, as well as historical sources. The results of the joint Syrian-Hungarian Archaeological Mission (SHAM) to the Hospitaller castle of Margat (al-Marqab) highlighted in this volume include an up-to-date overview of the structural development of the site from 1187 to 1285, as well as particular studies of the wall paintings, cooking installations and pottery. SHAM’s recent rescue work at Crac des Chevaliers also provides the basis for studies of the water-management system and medieval burials revealed in its courtyard, while other papers examine the masonry marks and surviving evidence of medieval trebuchet damage at both castles. Other papers focus on the medieval castles of Karak (Jordan) and Jubayl (Lebanon), the medieval buildings of Latakia (Syria), the impact of the Crusades on buildings in Cairo, historic bridges in Lebanon, the medieval chapels of Yanouh-Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil (Lebanon), piscinas in Crusader churches in the East, the images of donors found in medieval Lebanese churches, and the activity of late thirteenth-century Western metal-workers in Cyprus. Papers focusing more particularly on historical sources include a new edition of a late eleventh- to twelfth-century pilgrimage itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land, a discussion of two minor military orders in Hungary, and the portrayal of Sultan al-Kamil in a contemporary western account of the Fifth Crusade.

Introduction Castles and Warfare 1. Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285 - Balazs Major 2. Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat - Bendeguz Takats 3. Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects - Marwan Hassan 4. New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers - Zsolt Vagner and Zsofia E. Csoka 5. The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat - Erzsebet Bojtar 6. Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017 - Teofil Retfalvi 7. The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos) - Anis Chaaya 8. Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress - Micaela Sinibaldi 9. Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region - David Kotan 10. Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat - Mayssam Youssef Architecture, Art and Material Culture 11. Latakia in the Middle Ages - Ibrahim Kherbek 12. The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo - Julia Sarkozi 13. Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast - Andrew Petersen 14. The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach - Hany Kahwagi-Janho 15. Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East - Patricia Antaki-Masson 16. Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon - Nada Helou 17. Mural Painting in Margat Castle - Zsofia Mark 18. A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle - Nora Buranszki 19. Western Metalworkers on Cyprus, 1296-1300 - Nicholas Coureas Historical Sources 20. An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar's Vision of the Holy Fire - by Denys Pringle 21. Sultan al-Kamil, the Emperor Frederick II and the Surrender of Jerusalem as presented by the anonymous Chronique d'Ernoul - Peter Edbury 22. From Samson to James: Two Minor Military Orders in Thirteenth-Century Hungary - Daniel Bacsatyai Index,

Castles and Warfare

1. Constructing a Medieval Fortification in Syria: Margat between 1187 and 1285 – Balázs Major

2. Applying the Most Recent Technologies in Archaeological and Architectural Documentation at Margat – Bendegúz Takáts

3. Al-Marqab Citadel (Margat): Present Possibilities and Future Prospects – Marwan Hassan

4. New Research on the Medieval Water-Management System of Crac des Chevaliers – Zsolt Vágner and Zsófia E. Csóka

5. The Medieval Masonry Marks in Crac des Chevaliers and Margat – Erzsébet Bojtár

6. Burials in Crac des Chevaliers excavated in 2017 – Teofil Rétfalvi

7. The Fortifications of Medieval Jubayl (Byblos) – Anis Chaaya

8. Karak Castle in the Lordship of Transjordan: Observations on the Chronology of the Crusader-period Fortress – Micaela Sinibaldi

9. Stone-Throwing Machines and their effects on the Medieval Castles of the Syrian Coastal Region – Dávid Kotán

10. Medieval Ovens and Cooking Installations in Margat – Mayssam Youssef

Architecture, Art and Material Culture

11. Latakia in the Middle Ages – Ibrahim Kherbek

12. The Impact of the Crusades on the Architecture of Cairo – Júlia Sárközi

13. Roman, Medieval or Ottoman: Historic Bridges of the Lebanon Coast – Andrew Petersen

14. The Medieval Chapels of Yanouh/Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil in Mount-Lebanon: A Comparative Approach – Hany Kahwagi-Janho

15. Piscinas in Crusader Churches of the Latin East – Patricia Antaki-Masson

16. Notes on Donor Images in the Churches of Lebanon – Nada Hélou

17. Mural Painting in Margat Castle – Zsófia Márk

18. A Thirteenth-Century Pottery Assemblage from Margat Castle – Nóra Buránszki

19. Western Metalworkers on Cyprus, 1296–1300 – Nicholas Coureas

Historical Sources

20. An Eleventh- to Twelfth-Century Itinerary from Hungary to the Holy Land and Othmar’s Vision of the Holy Fire – by Denys Pringle ; 

21. Sultan al-Kāmil, the Emperor Frederick II and the Surrender of Jerusalem as presented by the anonymous Chronique d’Ernoul – Peter Edbury

22. From Samson to James: Two Minor Military Orders in Thirteenth-Century Hungary – Dániel Bácsatyai

Index

• Edited by Peter Edbury
• Edited by Denys Pringle
• Edited by Balázs Major

'Taken overall, this collection has many strengths, perhaps most importantly the considerable corpus of analysis it offers on northern Syria. Very little research has been conducted on topics such as Eastern Christian churches in Lebanon, the port city of Latakia and Near Eastern bridges and so many of these articles make important, even ground-breaking, contributions. The ongoing work on Margat and Krak des Chevaliers is, likewise, very impressive, drawing upon a wide range of different approaches and techniques (reminiscent in many ways of recent work on the Teutonic Order’s fortress of Montfort). Splicing together an impressive range of textual and non-textual sources, Bridge of Civilizations provides inspiring glimpses into the complex, brutal and vibrant world of the medieval Near East.' – Nicholas Morton (2022): Al-Masāq, Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean 34:3

—

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