Das Antlitz der Götter – O rosto das divindades

Images of gods only appear in Hispaniae imagery during the Roman Empire, since statues and reliefs of the Roman gods dominate the provincial panorama. In addition to these representations, however, one can observe early formal artistic expressions in sculpture, some of which can be traced back to Eastern Mediterranean Oriental and Graeco-Roman models, but which on the other hand reflect a certain reception through their own traditions. These two components can be traced back to the Middle Imperial Period. The various aspects are discussed in the contributions to this anthology.

English summary: Compared with Italian, Punic or even Greek abutters in the Mediterranean region, depictions of deities are being introduced into the imagery of the Hispaniae relatively late and hesitantly. Indeed they only start to become ubiquitous in the Roman Imperial Era, as monuments of Roman deities dominate provincial landscapes in the form of statures and reliefs. Next to these depictions from the Greco-Roman repertoire formal expressions in sculpture dating back to Eastern Mediterranean Oriental as well as Greco-Roman archetypes while simultaneously showing manners of reception grounding in an independent tradition can be found early on. These two components can be found right up until the Middle Imperial Era, as the tendency towards unification and convergence spread as a result of Romanization. Various aspects are being discussed in the seventeen articles by international authors published in this volume, which focuses on the records of a colloquium held in the northern Portuguese town of Boticas. The structure of the volume is oriented around Greek and Roman depictions of deities, written sources as well as conditions in other provinces of the Roman Empire, such as the Rhineland Provinces, which can be used for comparison. The main focus, however, is on the depiction of deities of the Hispaniae as they appear in late Iberian and provincial Roman monuments. A special emphasis is placed on the Hispanic North and North-West, as these regions were the last to be reached by the spread of Roman styles, thus showing the continuance of Indigenous design more strongly than elsewhere. With the volume at hand the department of Madrid offers a substantial contribution to Sanctuary Research, which has long since played an important role at the German Archaeological Institute. German description: Gotterdarstellungen finden im Vergleich zu italischen, punischen oder gar griechischen Mittelmeer-Anrainern vergleichsweise spat und zogerlich Eingang in die Bildwelt der Hispaniae. Tatsachlich erscheinen sie allenthalben erst in der romischen Kaiserzeit, da die romischen Gotter in Statue und Relief als Denkmaler das provinzielle Panorama beherrschen. Neben diesen Darstellungen aus dem griechisch-romischen Repertoire lassen sich jedoch schon fruh formale Auspragungen in der Plastik beobachten, die teils auf ostmediterrane orientalische und griechisch-romische Vorbilder zuruckgehen, die aber andererseits durch eigene Traditionen bestimmte Rezeption widerspiegeln. Diese beiden Komponenten lassen sich bis in die Mittlere Kaiserzeit fassen, da die Tendenz zur Vereinheitlichung und Konvergenz als eine Auswirkung der Romanisierung Platz greift. Die verschiedenen Aspekte sind in den Beitragen dieses Sammelbandes besprochen und diskutiert, der die Akten eines Kolloquiums im nordportugiesischen Boticas zum Thema enthalt. Diese stammen aus der Feder von 17 Autoren internationaler Herkunft. Die Gliederung des Bandes ist am griechischen wie am romischen Gotterbild orientiert, an den Schriftquellen wie an den Verhaltnissen in anderen Provinzen des Romischen Reiches, wie etwa an den Rheinprovinzen, die als Vergleich gelten konnen. Im Mittelpunkt steht jedoch das Gotterbild der Hispaniae, wie es in spat-iberischen und provinzialromischen Denkmalern vor uns tritt. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf dem hispanischen Nordwesten und Westen, da diese Regionen als letzte von der Verbreitung des romischen Formenguts erfasst werden, so dass die Fortdauer des Indigenen sich deutlicher zeigt als anderswo. Damit leistet die Abteilung Madrid einen Beitrag zur Heiligtumsforschung, die am Deutschen Archaologischen Institut (DAI) traditionell eine bedeutende Rolle spielt.

Thomas G. Schattner, born 1955. Doctorate 1986/87 at the University of Mainz. Lecturer in the Department of Science at the headquarters of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) in Berlin. Habilitation in 2001 at the University of Giessen and Extraordinary Professor for Classical Archaeology. Since 1996 Scientific Director of the Madrid Department of the German Archaeological Institute, initially based in Lisbon, since 1999 based in Madrid. Research focus on  Iron Age and Roman Period topics of the Iberian Peninsula.<br/><br/>Amílcar Guerra, born 1953. PhD in Classical History (1999) at the University of Lisbon. Professor at the School of Arts and Humanities, University of Lisbon. President of the School Board since 2017. Head of the Department of History, since 2015. Research focus on Epigraphy and Archaeology of Pre-Roman and Roman Iberia

• Edited by Thomas G. Schattner
• Edited by Amílcar Guerra